Alban Veauté

What is GDPR? A Complete Guide for Startups

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) represents one of the most significant developments in data privacy law globally. For organizations that handle personal data from EU residents, understanding GDPR isn't just about avoiding penalties—it's about building the kind of trust that supports long-term business growth.

Who Needs GDPR Compliance? Understanding Applicability

One of the most frequent questions growing companies face is whether GDPR applies to their operations. The regulation has broad reach, and understanding where your organization fits helps determine the right compliance approach.

GDPR6 min read

The 7 GDPR Principles: Foundation of Data Protection

GDPR rests on seven fundamental principles that guide all data processing activities. These principles aren't merely theoretical—they translate into practical requirements that shape how organizations handle personal data day to day.

Legal Bases for Processing: When You Can Use Personal Data

Under GDPR, every processing activity requires a valid legal basis. Understanding the six available legal bases and when each applies helps organizations build compliant operations from the ground up.

Data Subject Rights: What Users Can Request Under GDPR

GDPR grants individuals extensive rights over their personal data. Organizations handling EU residents' data need to be prepared to honor these rights within specified timeframes, typically one month for most requests.

GDPR Consent Management: Getting Permission Right

Consent under GDPR involves significantly more than a simple checkbox. Valid consent requires clear, affirmative action and must be freely given, specific, informed, and unambiguous. Consent-related issues remain among the most common areas of GDPR enforcement.

GDPR Privacy Policies: What You Must Disclose

Your privacy policy serves as a key legal document that addresses GDPR's transparency requirements. It needs to clearly explain how you collect, use, and protect personal data. Privacy policy deficiencies can trigger regulatory scrutiny even when an organization's underlying practices are sound.

Data Mapping and ROPA: Know What Data You Have

Data mapping forms the foundation of GDPR compliance. Without a clear picture of what personal data you hold and where it resides, protecting that data and responding to data subject requests becomes significantly more challenging. The Record of Processing Activities (ROPA) provides the formal documentation of your data processing activities.

Data Protection Officer: Do You Need One?

GDPR requires certain organizations to appoint a Data Protection Officer (DPO). Even when a formal DPO isn't mandatory, having someone with clear responsibility for data protection remains important. This guide helps clarify when a DPO is required and what the role involves.

Data Breach Notification: The 72-Hour Rule

GDPR requires organizations to report certain personal data breaches to supervisory authorities within 72 hours of becoming aware of the breach. Late or missed notifications can result in additional penalties beyond those related to the breach itself.

Data Processing Agreements: Managing Vendor Relationships

When you share personal data with third parties (cloud providers, analytics tools, payment processors), GDPR requires formal agreements governing how they handle that data. These Data Processing Agreements (DPAs) are legally required, not optional.

GDPR Cookie Compliance: Beyond the Banner

Cookies and similar tracking technologies represent a significant area of GDPR enforcement activity. A cookie banner alone isn't sufficient—proper compliance requires valid consent mechanisms, clear explanations, and technical implementation that genuinely respects user choices.

GDPR Compliance Checklist: Step-by-Step Guide

This comprehensive checklist helps you systematically achieve GDPR compliance. Use it as a roadmap for your compliance journey and as an ongoing reference to maintain compliance.

GDPR6 min read

GDPR Penalties: Understanding the Risks

GDPR is backed by significant penalties that can reach €20 million or 4% of global annual revenue. Understanding the penalty framework helps you prioritize compliance efforts and make informed business decisions.

Maintaining GDPR Compliance: Ongoing Requirements

Achieving GDPR compliance represents the start of an ongoing commitment rather than the end of a project. Unlike some certifications with defined audit cycles, GDPR requires continuous attention to compliance. This guide covers how to maintain compliance as your organization grows and evolves.

GDPR vs CCPA: Key Differences Explained

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) are the two most influential privacy laws in the world. Understanding their differences is essential for any company handling personal data from EU residents or California consumers.

International Data Transfers: Moving Data Outside the EU

When personal data leaves the European Economic Area (EEA), GDPR imposes additional requirements to ensure that data continues to receive equivalent protection. For organizations using cloud services, working with international vendors, or operating across borders, understanding these transfer rules is essential.

Data Protection Impact Assessments (DPIA): When and How

A Data Protection Impact Assessment (DPIA) is a structured process for identifying and minimizing data protection risks in new projects or processing activities. GDPR requires DPIAs for certain high-risk processing, and they represent good practice more broadly for managing privacy risk.

Privacy by Design and Default: Building Privacy In

Privacy by Design and Default is a core GDPR requirement that shifts privacy from an afterthought to a fundamental consideration in how systems and processes are built. Rather than retrofitting privacy controls, organizations should embed them from the earliest design stages.

Special Categories of Data: Handling Sensitive Personal Information

GDPR provides enhanced protection for certain types of personal data considered particularly sensitive. Processing this "special category" data is generally prohibited unless specific conditions are met. Organizations handling such data face additional compliance requirements.

Children's Data Protection: Special Requirements Under GDPR

Children merit specific protection under GDPR because they may be less aware of risks and consequences associated with data processing. Organizations offering services to children, or likely to have children as users, face additional requirements around consent, transparency, and data protection.

GDPR Supervisory Authorities: Who Enforces the Regulation

Supervisory authorities—also known as Data Protection Authorities (DPAs)—are independent public bodies that oversee GDPR compliance, handle complaints, and enforce the regulation. Understanding how these authorities operate helps organizations navigate compliance and respond appropriately to inquiries.

GDPR6 min read

GDPR Compliance Costs: Understanding the Investment

GDPR compliance represents a significant investment for most organizations, but the costs vary considerably based on company size, complexity, existing maturity, and approach. Understanding the cost factors helps organizations plan effectively and make informed decisions about how to achieve compliance.

GDPR Audit Guide: Preparing for and Conducting Compliance Audits

Unlike frameworks such as SOC 2 or ISO 27001, GDPR doesn't require formal third-party certification. However, organizations regularly conduct internal audits, respond to customer due diligence, and may face regulatory investigations. Being audit-ready demonstrates accountability and helps identify compliance gaps before they become problems.

Employee Data Protection: GDPR Requirements for HR

Employee data represents one of the most common—and often overlooked—areas of GDPR compliance. Organizations process significant amounts of employee personal data throughout the employment lifecycle, from recruitment through termination and beyond. Understanding the specific requirements for HR data helps organizations manage this area appropriately.

GDPR for SaaS Companies: Industry-Specific Guidance

SaaS companies face particular GDPR considerations due to their role as data processors, their cloud-based architecture, and their typically international customer base. Understanding how GDPR applies specifically to SaaS operations helps companies build compliance into their products and business practices from the start.

Cyber Essentials7 min read

What is Cyber Essentials?

If you're exploring security certifications for your UK-based organisation, Cyber Essentials is likely on your radar. This government-backed scheme provides a clear framework for protecting against the most common cyber attacks—and for many organisations, it's becoming a prerequisite for doing business.

Who Needs Cyber Essentials?

Cyber Essentials certification is mandatory for certain UK government contracts and increasingly expected across the private sector. Understanding whether certification is right for your organisation—and which level you might need—can help you plan accordingly.

Cyber Essentials7 min read

The Five Technical Controls

Cyber Essentials is built around five fundamental technical controls. These controls address the most common attack vectors and, when properly implemented, provide effective protection against the majority of commodity cyber attacks targeting UK organisations.

Firewalls: Your First Line of Defence

Firewalls are the first of Cyber Essentials' five technical controls. They create a protective barrier between your trusted internal network and untrusted external networks, controlling what traffic can flow in and out of your organisation.

Secure Configuration: Reducing Your Attack Surface

Secure configuration is about ensuring computers and network devices are set up to minimise vulnerabilities. Default settings are typically designed for ease of use during setup—not for security. Adjusting them can significantly reduce your risk.

Security Update Management: Staying Protected

Security update management (also known as patch management) is about keeping software current and protected against known vulnerabilities. When a vulnerability is discovered and publicised, attackers often develop exploits quickly. Timely patching is one of the most effective ways to protect your organisation.

User Access Control: Right People, Right Access

User access control ensures that only authorised individuals can access your systems and data—and that their access is limited to what they actually need. This control helps prevent both external attackers and insider threats from reaching sensitive resources.

Malware Protection: Your Last Line of Defence

Malware protection is the fifth Cyber Essentials control. Even with firewalls, secure configurations, updates, and access controls in place, malware can still potentially reach your systems. This control provides an important final layer of defence.

Cyber Essentials vs Cyber Essentials Plus: Which Do You Need?

Cyber Essentials offers two certification levels: the self-assessment Basic level and the independently verified Plus level. Understanding the differences can help you choose the right certification for your organisation's needs.

The Self-Assessment Questionnaire: Completing Cyber Essentials Basic

The Cyber Essentials self-assessment questionnaire (SAQ) is how you demonstrate compliance with the five technical controls. Understanding what's asked—and preparing properly—can make the difference between a smooth certification process and frustration.

Cyber Essentials Plus Technical Audit: What to Expect

The Cyber Essentials Plus audit is an independent technical verification of your security controls. Unlike the self-assessment Basic certification, Plus involves actual testing of your systems. This guide helps you understand what happens during the audit so you can prepare effectively.

Certification Bodies and IASME: Choosing Your Assessor

Cyber Essentials certification is delivered through a network of certification bodies accredited by IASME. Understanding how the certification ecosystem works can help you choose the right assessor for your organisation.

Cyber Essentials Costs and Timeline: Planning Your Certification

Understanding the costs and timeline for Cyber Essentials certification helps you plan effectively. This guide covers what to budget and what to expect for both Basic and Plus certifications.

Cyber Essentials Compliance Checklist: Complete Preparation Guide

This comprehensive checklist covers everything you need to implement for Cyber Essentials certification. Use it to assess your current state, plan any necessary changes, and verify readiness before starting your assessment.

Maintaining Cyber Essentials Certification: Ongoing Compliance

Cyber Essentials certification is valid for 12 months. Maintaining certification requires ongoing attention to the five controls and timely recertification. This guide covers how to stay compliant year-round—so recertification is straightforward rather than stressful.

Cyber Essentials7 min read

Benefits of Cyber Essentials Certification

Cyber Essentials is more than a compliance requirement—it delivers real value across business development, security posture, and operational efficiency. This guide explores the practical benefits organisations gain from certification.